Introducing SMuFL

A brief history of music fonts

Computer software has been displaying musical symbols of various kinds since the 1960s, but the first font for musical symbols did not arrive until 1985, when Cleo Huggins designed Sonata for Adobe.

Sonata mapped the musical symbols onto keys on the standard QWERTY keyboard, using some simple mnemonics (the treble G clef, for example, was mapped onto the & key, and the sharp sign onto #). Most music fonts developed since then, including Steve Peha’s Petrucci (the first music font for Finale, dating from 1988) and Jonathan Finn’s Opus (the first music font for Sibelius, dating from 1993), have followed Sonata’s layout.

However, since Sonata includes fewer than 200 glyphs, and even conventional music notation requires many more symbols than that, individual vendors have devised their own mappings for glyphs beyond Sonata’s initial set.

By 2013, for example, the Opus font family that is still Sibelius’s default font set contains no fewer than 18 fonts with more than 600 glyphs between them.

In 1998, Perry Roland of the University of Virginia drafted a proposal for a new range of musical symbols to be incorporated into the Unicode Standard. This range of 220 glyphs was duly accepted into the Unicode Standard, and those symbols are found at code points U+1D100–U+1D1FF. However, its repertoire of 220 symbols does not extend dramatically beyond the scope of the original 1985 version of Sonata, though it does add symbols for mensural and Gregorian notation.

To date the only commercially available music font that uses the Unicode mapping is Adobe Sonata Std, and its repertoire is incomplete.

How SMuFL is organized

The aim of the Standard Music Font Layout (SMuFL) is to provide the basis for music font mapping for the age of Unicode and OpenType fonts.

SMuFL uses the standard Private Use Area in the Basic Multilingual Plane (starting at code point U+E000), and currently includes nearly 2600 glyphs, plus several hundred further optional but recommended glyphs, primarily ligatures (i.e. two or more symbols drawn as a single glyph) and stylistic alternates (i.e. a different appearance for the same glyph with equivalent meaning). SMuFL is a superset of the Unicode Musical Symbols range, and it is recommended that common glyphs are included both at code points in SMuFL and in the Unicode Musical Symbols range. In the tables of glyphs in this document, where glyphs are shared between SMuFL and the Unicode Musical Symbols range, the Unicode Musical Symbols code point is shown below the glyph description.

The groupings of glyphs within SMuFL are based on the groupings defined by Perry Roland in the Unicode Musical Symbols range, but with finer granularity. There are currently 118 groups of glyphs, proceeding roughly in order from least to most idiomatic, i.e. specific to particular instruments, types of music, or historical periods. The grouping has no significance other than acting as an attempt to provide an overview of the included glyphs.

Room for future expansion has generally been left in each group, so code points are not contiguous.

The code point of each glyph in SMuFL 1.0 and later is intended to be immutable, and likewise every glyph has a canonical name, also intended to be immutable.

Implementations

To date the only complete implementation of SMuFL is in Bravura, a font available in OpenType, SVG, WOFF and EOT formats, released under the SIL Open Font License.

Other fonts implementing parts of SMuFL are available, and information can be found on the Fonts page.